New records to three Neotropical primates to Minas Gerais and Mato Grosso States and small expansion of occurrence area to Cebus libidinosus Spix , 1823

Recent compiled papers demonstrate several gaps in occurrence records and distribution limits mainly due to information deficiency, hindering the management and planning of preservation and conservation efforts. Therefore, the objective of this study is to present and analyze new records of four Neotropical Primates species: Callicebus moloch, Mico emiliae, Ateles marginatus and Cebus (Sapajus) libidinosus. Data collection was assessed by interviews, census on pre-existing trails and direct observations. The expeditions took place in the cities of Pains (Minas Gerais state), Serra do Salitre (Minas Gerais state) and Guarantã do Norte (Mato Grosso state). Mico emilie, C. moloch and A. marginatus were recorded in Guarantã do Norte and C. libidinosus was recorded in Serra do Salitre and Pains. A small expansion of occurrence area to C. libidinosus was observed. We recommend new mammal inventories in order to understand the faunal diversity in these areas and propose new conservation actions.


Introduction
In Brazil the primate order has a total of 118 species and represents 16.8 % of the total mammal species (PAGLIA et al., 2012).This representation is directly related to the vast expanse of tropical forests that present favorable environment (AYRES et al., 2005).Some primate species suffer a reduction in their populations in response to human actions in their environment while others tend to adjust and adapt to changes at certain levels (TERBORGH, 1986).
A significant number of species of Neotropical primates is listed by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as critically endangered (13.62 %) or lack of data (4.23 %) (IUCN, 2014).Primate conservation plans are developed for species or groups of species summarizing the knowledge of these data to build action plans (BLAIR et al., 2013).
Recent compiled papers demonstrate several gaps in occurrence records and distribution limits (e.g.GREGORIN et al., 2010) mainly due to information deficiency, hindering the management and planning of preservation and conservation efforts.Therefore, our intention is to present primate records to locations where there are no mammalian studies, adding new records to these locations.
The aim of this study is to present the new records of three Neotropical primate species: Callicebus moloch (Hoffmannsegg, 1807), Mico emiliae (Thomas, 1920) and Ateles marginatus (E.Geoffroy, 1809) and expand the geographic range of Cebus (Sapajus) libidinosus Spix, 1823.The records in this paper are for the states of Minas Gerais and Mato Grosso.Both states have an important diversity from a conservationist point of view since the Cerrado and Atlantic Forest biomes are within them (MYERS;MITTERMEIER, 2000).These biomes are threatened mainly by the fragmentation and degradation of habitat and by the introduction of exotic species, which has the potential to endanger endemic and non-endemic species.

Materials and methods
The sampling focused on three areas: Guarantã do Norte (Mato Grosso state), Serra do Salitre and Pains (Minas Gerais state).The landscape of Guarantãa do Norte is composed of seasonal forests, rainforests with palm trees, secondary vegetation, coffee and soybeans areas, grazing areas, riparian forests and Brazilian Savannah ("Cerrado campo sujo" in the Brazilian classification).Climate is represented by two distinct seasons: rainy summers (2.750 mm average) with higher intensities from January to March and dry winters with little variation in temperature, with an annual average of 26 °C, which is similar to typical tropical climate (Aw Koppen classification) (ALVARES et al., 2013).
The landscape of Serra do Salitre consists of Cerrado sensu-strict, fragments of semideciduous forests, grasslands, plantation areas (Eucalyptus, coffee, corn and beans, predominantly) and manmade areas.
The region of Pains is part of the karst region of Arcos, Pains and Doresopolis (ZAMPAULO, 2010).It is located in the karstic province of Bambuí, which is represented by an extensive metasedimentary cover composed of a mega pelitic of Neoproterozoic age (DARDENNE, 1978).Surrounding areas are composed of seasonal forest fragments, riparian forests, disturbed areas, farming areas (coffee, corn and beans, predominantly) and fragments of deciduous forest on limestone outcrops.
We interviewed local residents and government agencies (INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DO MEIO AMBIENTE E DOS RECURSOS NATURAIS RENOVÁVEIS -IBAMA), censuses in pre-existing trails and direct observations with photographic records in order to gather the data.Interviews were applied to fifteen local hunters, who served as guides to locate the forests, which were inventoried by the census day method.During the interviews, we used both scientific and common names (RABELO et al., 2014).
The census occurred along pre-existing trails that were randomly selected for all areas.The first expedition was in Pains (Minas Gerais state) during the rainy (February) and dry (June) seasons in 2005 (six field days each).The second expedition happened in Serra do Salitre (Minas Gerais state) during the rainy season (April) in 2009 (six field days).The third expedition was in Guarantã do Norte (Mato Grosso state) during the rainy season (November) in 2011 (twelve field days).Five cameras-trap were used in Serra do Salitre, with a sampling effort of 30 traps-day.The cameras were disposed in a linear transect and the distance between them was five kilometers.
The identification of C. moloch, M. emiliae and A. marginatus followed a description of external features and distributions of localities, which was based on Gregorin et al. (2011) study.The description of C. libidinosus followed Gutiérrez and Marinho-Filho (2017).

Results
The record of C. libidinosus (Figure 1A) was performed by direct observation in the field and examination of photos of a small group located in an adjacent riverine semi-deciduous forest fragment located in an intermediate stage of regeneration in Serra do Salitre.The record of C. libidinosus was performed by direct observation of one group and by photos taken by a camera trap used for records of medium and large mammals (Figure 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E and 2F).The camera trap was placed in the middle of a seasonal deciduous forest fragment around the karst meso region in Pains (Figure 3).The record of C. moloch was obtained through a visit to IBAMA in Guarantã do Norte (Figure 1B).The individual was reintroduced in the river spring of Serra do Cachimbo Biological Reserve (Protected Area).Considering there is a proposed division in Serra do Cachimbo National Park and the Environmental Protection Area Vale of XV, IBAMA volunteers captured the animal in an area reported as the Porcão River in Guarantã do Norte (Figure 3).
The record of M. emiliae (Figure 1C and 1D) was performed by direct observation and photographic record.The individual was registered while crossing the highway BR PA 163, near the city limits of Guarantã do Norte (Figure 3).
The record of A. marginatus was performed by direct observation and photographic record (Figure 2A).The individual was recorded during the day in one of the censuses conducted in the region surrounding the river spring of Serra do Cachimbo Biological Reserve in Guarantã do Norte (Figure 3).The visualized group had six individuals and the photographic record shows a female with an infant on her back.

Discussion
There is little concern regarding the conservation status of Cebus (Sapajus) libidinosus (Cebidae), but there is a population reduction trend.The southern limit of its geographic range is Bambuí, in the state of Minas Gerais.This study presents an occurrence site 40 km away from the distribution (Pains city) according to IUCN (RYLANDS;KIERULFF, 2015).The observation in Serra do Salitre city is within the current distribution of the species, but this paper presents the first record since there is no published data related to mammal registries.
Pains region is exalted by researchers because of its underground biological relevance (ZAM-PAULO, 2010).However, the non-speleological biological diversity requires further study.This work presents new records for rare primates that were not previously mentioned in the scientific literature.The geology and vegetation of Serra do Salitre is similar to Pains region.The gap in the current mammal studies demands further efforts aiming at providing the scientific community with records that can increase future mammal conservation programs.
Callicebus moloch (Pitheciidae) presents little concern regarding its conservation status (VEI-GA; FERRARI, 2015).The record of C. moloch is within the range of the species, with observations of C. moloch in Porto Esperança city, Mato Grosso state and in Santarém city, Pará state in the south of the Amazon River (IUCN, 2008).
Mico emiliae (Cebidae) literature record is deficient regarding its ecology and biology (RYLANDS; SILVA, 2015).Pimenta and Silva Junior (2005) recorded some groups of Mico emiliae in Serra do Cachimbo, Pará state, and in Peixoto de Azevedo city, Mato Grosso state.However, Fialho (2010) recorded a group on the left bank of the Teles Pires river, in Jacareacanga city, Pará state.Therefore, this article increases the number of records of the Mico emiliae (Cebidae) species.
Ateles marginatus (Atelidae) was considered in the 80s (KONSTANT et al., 1985;MITTER-MEIER et al., 1989) as one of the most endangered South American primates, given that their distribution is restricted to areas impacted by human activities (Martins et al., 1988).Recent classifications show it as "endangered" with a trend toward population reduction (MITTERMEIER et al., 2008).The species was recorded in north and west of Pará state, west of the low Tocantins river, east of the Tapajós and in Teles Pires river (AURICCHIO, 1995).The northern white-cheeked spider monkey records are restricted to the region of Santarém, Pará state (West), Altamira, Pará state (Southeastern) and Santarém, Pará state (Northeastern) (MITTERMEIER et al. 2008).This paper increases the number of records of the species.The importance of the forest fragments of Guarantã do Norte city goes far beyond the primate records herein reported.Moura et al. (2012) mention an observation of one of the most powerful predators of the Neotropics: Harpia harpyja.State intervention in the preservation of flagship species is necessary.Vegetal and animal species richness, endemisms and rare records are indicative of the necessity of biodiversity centers.
We conclude the cities in which the primates described in this paper were recorded need mammalian inventories for full knowledge of local wildlife diversity.We present three new records: C. moloch, M. emiliae and A. marginatus; we also present a small expansion of the area of occurrence for C. libidinosus.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Maps of distribution areas for Callicebus moloch (3A), Ateles marginatus (3B), Cebus libidinosus (3C) and Mico emiliae (3D).The dots represent the cities and the new records.The gray area represents the occurrence sites.The city in Mato Grosso state is Gurantã do Norte.The southernmost city in Minas Gerais state is Pains and the other is Serra do Salitre.